The Verity of Fear and Pain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Verity of Fear and Pain - Essay Example He believed that his time in Auschwitz was a part of life, albeit one that he needed to put behind him. The author makes a valiant effort to look at a torture victim through the eyes of a person who is perpetrating the torture. He finds that there is nothing else there other than an all-consuming urge to subjugate a fellow human being completely, taking control of the very life force of another. The line that is to be analyzed is: "But in addition they tortured with the good conscience of depravity" (Amery, 1980). This is a clear indication of the fact that the captors were self-righteous about their acts of torture and had no doubts in their minds that they were completely in line with the tenets of Fascism - unfortunately, something that they were extremely proud of. Jean Amery being a member of a partisan anti-Gestapo group was a prime catch for Hitler's men. He was found with incriminating evidence that left no doubt in the minds of the captors about his political affinities. When he was finally brought to Breedonk, Amery had absolutely no illusions about what the Gestapo could do - but then, nothing really prepares you for the actual act of torture. It was at Breedonk that he actually understood the meaning of the word torture, which originated from the French word: torquere, which means 'to twist'. Left hanging by his captors, his arms dislocated, he lost all sense of reality, the pain that he felt could not be described at all. It was indeed quite difficult to quantify the level of pain that he felt at the hands of his torturers. The psyche of a torturer: To begin with, there is no marked difference in the behavior exhibited by a Nazi torturer and another of any other organization. The psychological changes that occur in the minds of a torturer are impacted by various factors. Primarily, it is the belief he has in the cause that he is either fighting for or believes in. When there is no doubt at all in his mind that his cause is a noble one he believes that anybody who does not share his views needs to be brought around to his way of thinking, preferably by force. A study done by American psychologist Philip G. Zimbardo reveals how people who are otherwise of fairly good and peaceable nature can turn violent, dominating and oppressive, when playing the roles of a subjugator. The study conducted at Stanford University had two groups of people who were called upon to play two roles - guards and prisoners. It was found that the 'guards' when dressed as guards - that is de-individuated - behaved in an excessively brutal manner (Zimbardo e t al, 1973). A number of other studies support these general findings - that anonymity allows an increase in aggressive antisocial behavior. These people are completely convinced that their role as oppressor is one that has to be played out with perfection, merely because it is what is expected of them at that particular point in time. They are unable to even think of the consequences or the sufferings that need to be endured by their victims. There is almost a missionary zeal in their performances as torturers as they cease to believe in the wrongness of the acts that they choose to commit. In the case of Amery's torture, they feel justified in their act mainly because they have apprehended a person who has political leanings that are totally out of sync with theirs. There is no doubt

Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson Essay Example for Free

Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson Essay Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson are two of psychologys developmental forerunners, each one having his own theory behind personality and the elements of advancing through the stages of life. Erikson’s theories came after Freuds and build on Freuds original work. Both of these psychologists have some common similarities and some differences as well in life, their careers and how we use their work and theories still. Sigmund Freud was born in Freiberg. Austria on May 6, 1856. When he was four his family moved to Vienna, where he would live and work for most of the remainder of his life. He received his medical degree in 1881 and married the following year. He had six children—the youngest of whom, Anna, was to herself become a distinguished psychoanalyst. After graduation, Freud set up a private practice and began treating various psychological disorders. Considering himself first and foremost a scientist, rather than a doctor, he strived to understand the journey of human knowledge and experience. Early in his career, Freud was greatly influenced by the work of his Viennese colleague, Josef Breuer, who had discovered that when he encouraged a hysterical patient to talk openly about the earliest events of the symptoms, the symptoms sometimes gradually decreased. Inspired by Breuer, Freud proposed that neuroses had their roots in deeply traumatic experiences that had transpired in the patients past. He believed that the original occurrences had been forgotten and hidden from consciousness. His treatment was to empower his patients to recall the experience and bring it to consciousness, and in doing so, confront it. He believed one could then release it and rid oneself of the neurotic symptoms. Freud and Breuer published their theories and findings in Studies in Hysteria (1895) In January 1933, the Nazis took control of Germany, and Freuds books were prominent among those they burned and destroyed. Freud quipped: What progress we are making. In the Middle Ages they would have burned me. Now, they are content with burning my books. Freud continued to maintain his optimistic underestimation of the growing Nazi threat and remained determined to stay in Vienna, even following the Anschluss of 13 March 1938 in which Nazi Germany annexed Austria, and the outbursts of violent anti-Semitism that ensued. Ernest Jones, the then president of the International Psychoanalytic Association (IPA), flew into Vienna from London via Prague on 15 March determined to get Freud to change his mind and seek exile in Britain. This prospect and the shock of the detention and interrogation of Anna Freud by the Gestapo finally convinced Freud it was time to leave Austria. 3 Erik Erikson was born June 15, 1902 in Frankfurt, Germany. His mother and father had separated before his birth, but it was kept a secret from him that he was his mothers child from an extramarital union. His mother raised Erik by herself before marrying a physician, Dr. Theodor Homberger. The fact that Homberger was not his biological father was kept secret from him for many years. When he finally did learn the truth, he was left with a feeling of confusion about who he really was. This experience helped spark his interest in the formation of identity and was further developed based upon his experiences in school. Like Freud, Erikson was raised in Jewish religion. At his temple school, children teased him for being Nordic because he was tall, blonde, and blue-eyed. In grammar school, he was excluded because of his Jewish background. These experiences helped fuel his interest in identity formation and continued to influence his work throughout his life. Erikson was a student and teacher of arts, and while teaching at a private school in Vienna, he became acquainted with Anna Freud, the daughter of Sigmund Freud. Erikson underwent psychoanalysis, and after the experience he decide to become an analyst himself. He was trained in psychoanalysis at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute and also studied the Montessori Method of education, which focused on child development and sexual stages. In 1933, the Nazis came to power in Germany, and like Freud, Erikson and his wife Joan were forced to immigrate, first to Denmark and then to the United States, where he became the first child psychoanalyst in Boston. Psychoanalysis was created by Sigmund Freud (1916-1917). Freud believed that people could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts, thus gaining â€Å"insight†. The goal of psychoanalysis therapy is to let go of repressed emotions and experiences. Psychoanalysis is commonly used to treat depression and anxiety disorders. In his book The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, Freud explained how these unconscious thoughts and impulses are expressed, often through slips of the tongue (known as Freudian slips) and dreams. The psychoanalytic theory suggested by Sigmund Freud had a tremendous impact on 20th-century thought, inspiring the mental health field as well as other areas including art, literature and popular culture. Freud developed a theory that described development in terms of a series of psychosexual stages. According to Freud, struggles that arise during each of these stages can have a lifelong influence on personality and behavior. In Freud’s theory Psychoanalytic theory suggested that personality is generally established by age of five. Early experiences play a large role in personality development and continue to influence behavior later in life. If these psychosexual stages are completed positively, the result is a healthy personality. If certain issues are not resolved at the appropriate stage, fixation can occur. A fixation is an insistent focus on an earlier psychosexual stage. Until this conflict is resolved, the individual will remain stuck in this stage. Oral Stage During the oral stage, the infants primary source of interaction occurs through the mouth, so the rooting and sucking reflex is especially important. The mouth is vital for eating, and the infant derives pleasure from oral stimulation through gratifying activities such as tasting and sucking. Because the infant is entirely dependent upon caretakers (who are responsible for feeding the child), the infant also develops a sense of trust and comfort through this oral stimulation. The primary conflict at this stage is the weaning processthe child must become less dependent upon caretakers. If fixation occurs at this stage, Freud believed the individual would have issues with dependency or aggression. Oral fixation can result in problems with drinking, eating, smoking, or nail biting. Anal Stage The anal stage is directly related to a child’s awareness of bowel control and gaining pleasure through the act of eliminating or retaining feces. Freud’s theory puts the anal stage between 18 months and three years. It is believed that when a child becomes fixated on receiving pleasure through controlling and eliminating feces, a child can become obsessed with control, perfection, and cleanliness. This is often referred to as anal retentive, while anal expulsive is the opposite. Those who are anal expulsive may be extremely disorganized, live in chaos, and are known for making messes. Phallic Stage Freud believes the phallic stage or the Oedipus or Electra complexes occurs during a child is three to six years of age. The belief is that male children harbor unconscious, sexual attraction to their mothers, while female children develop a sexual attraction to their father. Freud taught that young boys also deal with feelings of rivalry with their father. These feelings naturally resolve once the child begins to identify with their same sex parent. By identifying with the same sex parent, the child continues with normal, healthy sexual development. If a child becomes fixated during this phase, the result could be sexual deviance or a confused sexual identity. Latency Stage The latency stage is named so because Freud believed there werent many overt forms of sexual gratification displayed. This stage is said to last from the age of six until a child enters puberty. Most children throughout this age form same sex friendships and play in a manner that is non-sexual. Unconscious sexual desires and thoughts remain repressed. Genital Stage Freud believed that after the unconscious, sexual desires are repressed and remain dormant during the latency stage, they are awakened due to puberty. This stage begins at puberty and develops with the physiology changes brought on through hormones. The prior stages of development result in a focus on the genitals as a source for pleasure and teens develop and explore attractions to the opposite sex. The genital stage is the last stage of the psychosexual development theory. 4 Those inspired and influenced by Freud went on to expand upon Freuds ideas and develop theories of their own. Erik Eriksons ideas have become perhaps the best known. Eriksons eight-stage theory of psychosocial development describes growth and change throughout the lifespan, focusing on social interaction and conflicts that arise during different stages of development. Psychosocial Stage 1-Trust vs. Mistrust The first stage of Eriksons theory of psychosocial development occurs between birth and one year of age and is the most fundamental stage in life. Because an infant is utterly dependent, the development of trust is based on the dependability and quality of the childs caregivers. If a child successfully develops trust, he or she will feel safe and secure in the world. Caregivers who are inconsistent, emotionally unavailable, or rejecting contribute to feelings of mistrust in the children they care for. Failure to develop trust will result in fear and a belief that the world is inconsistent and unpredictable. Of course, no child is going to develop a sense of 100 percent trust or 100 percent doubt. Erikson believed that successful development was all about striking a balance between the two opposing sides. When this happens, children acquire hope, which Erikson described as an openness to experience tempered by some wariness that danger may be present. Psychosocial Stage 2 Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt The second stage of Eriksons theory of psychosocial development takes place during early childhood and is focused on children developing a greater sense of personal control. Like Freud, Erikson believed that toilet training was a vital part of this process. However, Eriksons reasoning was quite different than that of Freuds. Erikson believe that learning to control ones bodily functions leads to a feeling of control and a sense of independence. Other important events include gaining more control over food choices, toy preferences, and clothing selection. Children who successfully complete this stage feel secure and confident, while those who do not are left with a sense of inadequacy and self-doubt. Erikson believed that achieving a balance between autonomy and shame and doubt would lead to will, which is the belief that children can act with intention, within reason and limits. Psychosocial stage 3 Initiative vs. Guilt During the preschool years, children begin to assert their power and control over the world through directing play and other social interactions. Children who are successful at this stage feel capable and able to lead others. Those who fail to acquire these skills are left with a sense of guilt, self-doubt, and lack of initiative. When an ideal balance of individual initiative and a willingness to work with others is achieved, the ego quality known as purpose emerges. Psychosocial Stage 4 Industry vs. Inferiority This stage covers the early school years from approximately age 5 to 11. Through social interactions, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities. Children who are encouraged and commended by parents and teachers develop a feeling of competence and belief in their skills. Those who receive little or no encouragement from parents, teachers, or peers will doubt their abilities to be successful. Successfully finding a balance at this stage of psychosocial development leads to the strength known as competence or a belief our own abilities to handle the tasks set before us. Psychosocial Stage 5 Identity vs. Confusion During adolescence, children explore their independence and develop a sense of self. Those who receive proper encouragement and reinforcement through personal exploration will emerge from this stage with a strong sense of self and a feeling of independence and control. Those who remain unsure of their beliefs and desires will feel insecure and confused about themselves and the future. Completing this stage successfully leads to fidelity, which Erikson described as an ability to live by societys standards and expectations. Psychosocial Stage 6 Intimacy vs. Isolation This stage covers the period of early adulthood when people are exploring personal relationships. Erikson believed it was vital that people develop close, committed relationships with other people. Those who are successful at this step will form relationships that are committed and secure. Remember that each step builds on skills learned in previous steps. Erikson believed that a strong sense of personal identity was important for developing intimate relationships. Studies have demonstrated that those with a poor sense of self tend to have less committed relationships and are more likely to suffer emotional isolation, loneliness, and depression. Successful resolution of this stage results in the virtue known as love. It is marked by the ability to form lasting, meaningful relationships with other people. Psychosocial Stage 7 Generativity vs. Stagnation During adulthood, we continue to build our lives, focusing on our career and family. Those who are successful during this phase will feel that they are contributing to the world by being active in their home and community. Those who fail to attain this skill will feel unproductive and uninvolved in the world. Care is the virtue achieved when this stage is handled successfully. Being proud of your accomplishments, watching your children grow into adults, and developing a sense of unity with your life partner are important accomplishments of this stage. Psychosocial Stage 8 Integrity vs. Despair This phase occurs during old age and is focused on reflecting back on life. Those who are unsuccessful during this stage will feel that their life has been wasted and will experience many regrets. The individual will be left with feelings of bitterness and despair. Those who feel proud of their accomplishments will feel a sense of integrity. Successfully completing this phase means looking back with few regrets and a general feeling of satisfaction. These individuals will attain wisdom, even when confronting death. 5 Although there are many similarities between Freud and Erikson’s theory’s, there are many differences. In the first stage both believe that a child develops their sense of trust at this stage of development. Second stage both believe that a sense of independence is learned at this stage of development, and that toilet training is an important focus of this independence. Parental attitudes at this time can also have a lasting effect. Third stage, Freud believed this stage was where a child identifies with the same-sex parent and develops self-esteem. Erikson felt that this was the stage where a child begins to exert power and control over their environment. That is where you will start to see more differences in the two theories. Fourth stage, occurs at ages seven through 11. Freud believes that this is an intermediary stage of development where the child forms interactions with their environment. Erikson refers to it as industry versus inferiority. He believes that children begin to demonstrate their ability to succeed. Fifth stage, according to Freud, this is the final stage, and it continues throughout a persons life. He calls it the genital stage. Freud believes that a person learns to channel their biological instincts into socially-acceptable displays of love and career goals. Erikson called this stage identity versus role confusion. He believed it was a period where the focus of development shifts to social bonding in order to establish meaning in ones life and assert individuality. Erikson continues with three more stages which occur throughout adulthood.

Predicting the Future of the United States Economy Essay -- economics

It is to my belief that no one can possibly predict the future of the economy. Because of this we are faced with many questions that cannot be easily answered. Will the economy recover drastically or simply continue to increase moderately? Or could the economy in turn go into a recession? â€Å"There's been plenty of good news about the U.S. economy†¦ employment is expanding (2.4 million new payroll jobs in the last year); inflation remains low (less than a 2 percent rate in the past quarter); the stock market is higher (up 11 percent on the Dow from its November low), and business investment is impressive (rising at a 14 percent rate in late 2004).† (1) It is my opinion that unless something drastic happens in the world today, positive or negative, the economy will continue to increase at a modest rate. Even though no one quite knows which way our economy is heading, there are many economic concepts designed to help measure positive and negative changes that can show us how well we are or are not doing. These concepts include examples such as gross domestic product (GDP), business cycle, and unemployment rate. It is only human nature to want economy growth because it will lead to higher incomes and higher living standards. In order to see which direction our economy is heading and measure our economic performance, a system was invented that measures the value of all final goods and services produced within a country during a specific period of time, usually a year. This system it called gross domestic product (GDP). These figures are closely watched by those in the business and financial communities to measure our economy’s growth. GDP is a measure of the economy’s output. It is measured by counting all final goods and services once and only once that are produced during a current period, within the country. GDP can be measured by totaling the expenditures on goods and services produced during a specific time frame. This is referred to as the expenditure approach. Conversely, GDP can be reached by adding the income payments to resources suppliers and the other costs of producing those goods and services. Production of goods and services can be costly because it requires resources that cannot be used else where. These expenses generate incomes for resource suppliers. Therefore, this method of calculating GDP is referred to as resource cost-income a... ... The rate of unemployment is an important measurement of the conditions in the total labor market. The rate of unemployment is the percentage of people in the labor force who are unemployed. It is equal to the number of people unemployed divided by the number of people in the labor force multiplied by 100. The department of Labor indicates five reasons why people may experience unemployment. These reasons included: new entrants, reentrants, job leavers, dismissed, on layoff. As the world changes, new products are introduced and new technologies are developed, some unemployment is inevitable. However, there can be a positive side to job searching because an individual can possibly find a better job. Even though no one can quite know which way our economy is heading, by closely observing our gross domestic product (GDP), business cycle, and unemployment rate we will have a better understanding. Because our world is so dynamic, there are so many variables that can change in an instant creating a peak or recession in our economy. The most important thing to remember, however, is neither a peak nor recession last forever so the only thing that remains constant is change.

Cardinals wholesaler case

The fraud triangle is helpful in explaining motivation for employees to fraud the company: Motive, Opportunity, and rationalization are the trigger for employees to perpetrate any company. Motive-incentive or pressure that drives an individual to commit fraud. This is caused by life pressures, illicit activities or lifestyles needs that create personal financial problems. Opportunity-a condition or situation that allows fraud to occur. Both the design and effectiveness or internal controls play a key role in this regard.Rationalization-is the attitude or mindset that enables the individual to rationalize the fraudulent act. Bill Carter- an angry, ex-employee that felt unfairly fired. Bill felt pressure from financial obligation and the need to support his family after being fired. With debts totaling $38,000 and educational expenses for his oldest son, Bill felt desperate about his financial situation and grew angrier giving him a motive to commit fraud. Bill was the purchasing depar tment manager and was aware of the weak internal control that existed in the company.He knew that there was no segregation of duties in the company because as a former manager he knew that the person who approved vendor list also approved the payment. With this in mind we can see how opportunity to commit fraud is present. His rationalization was that the company owed him for using him as a escape goat to prove their point and he also felt that a lucrative company as Cardinal would not miss a few thousand dollars. Mike Smith-had large debts, a gambling problem and a lifestyles hard to maintain.He also felt he owe his friend Bill for accepting his position after he was fired. All this together gave him the motive required to commit fraud. Now being the purchasing department supervisor he was in a position where he was capable of perpetrating the fraud because Bill had informed him that segregation of duty was not present in the company. He knew that he was the person in charge Of app roving the vendor list as well as the payment. And lastly Mike rationalization was that this was the only way for him to pay-off his debts and make a fresh start.He also felt that he could always back off the scheme after his debts were all gone. Four areas of Fraud Bill Carter had been employed for 22 years with a Fortune 500 corporation where he was the purchasing department manager. He had been married and had three children with his oldest attending an Ivy University. Unfortunately due to an indiscretion Bill was fired and was worried that his fife would find out what had happen. With only a two week severance pay he felt pressure to find a source of income to provide for his family.Consequently Bill decided to pull a vendor scheme with the help of his friend Mike Smith. As I conducted a review of the vendor list I revealed that they were six vendors suspicious of fraud. I was able to identify the six vendors because they either had a post office box address, no phone number lis ted, and they either had an invalid taxpayer identification number or were missing the number altogether. Also the invoices were created using an excel broadsheet invoice template which is a common characteristic of fictitious vendors.The search also revealed that Bill Carter created the vendor as well as opened the bank account. Unfortunately for Bill one drunken night at a bar he revealed to a stranger what he had done. Vendor scheme was created by Bill Carter and Mike Smith In a fictitious vendor scheme the fraudster establishes a shell company in this case was Trig-State company. A shell company exists on paper only but provides no goods or services to the victim organization which the organization then pays for without having receive any goods in return.This scheme is only possible when the fraudster can place the shell company in the victim's organization ‘s approved vendor list, either through poor internal controls or an inside accomplice and Bill had both. Bill had Mi ke Smith as an accomplice and was aware of the lack of internal control that exist in the company. Shell company is not a legitimate business so it has no employees, no physical location or address, no phone number and an invalid or missing tax identification number. I realized that Trig-State trucking met all of the above.Lastly the scheme is easy to perpetrate when internal controls are cake. In this case figured out that Cardinals Wholesaler did not adequately segregated job responsibilities. Detection Bill Carter receives the check, endorses and deposits the money into the bank account of Trig-State Trucking. Here Bill has unrestricted access to the fund and can spend the money any way he wants. Some red flags were found that help conclude Bill and Mike had created a fictitious vendor scheme. Trig-State Trucking had an invalid tax payer identification, a valid tax id has nine digits and Trig-State only had seven.Trig-State had no physical address and was using a post office box. The invoices were created using an excel or word invoice template. All invoices for Trig-State had an even dollar amount with no tax included. Prevention Company needs to implement stronger internal controls by segregating duties to different people. One person should place vendors on the approved vendor list, the other should prepare the payment vouchers, and the other should approve the payment vouchers. The company should performed background checks on any new vendors prior to placing them on the approved vendor list.A CAFE should be engage periodically to review the approved vendor list and look for any red flags. Identifying the fictitious vendors There are four groups of vendors. Those possessing three, two, one, or zero suspicious characteristics. The Company Cardinals Wholesaler has been a list for the company to identify any existent fraudulent vendors in the group. To take care of this task I decided to narrow down the vendor list by searching for red flags that would be evident to the data base. To do this I decided to query three data fields using the excel auto filter function.These data fields are tax payer id, address, and phone number. Using this strategy I can rank the vendors and see how many suspicious characteristics they assess. The more characteristics found the easier it is to identify a fictitious vendor without having to inspect every single invoice in the company. As finished my query was able to identify six suspicious vendors. Here are the six vendors found and the characteristic that led me to believe they are suspicious. PC One missing phone number and using a post office box as address S&B Foods, Inc. Avian a wrong tax payer number and missing phone number Stamen Floral Distributors missing phone number and using post office box as address Thresher Beverages having a wrong tax payer number ND using a post office box as address Trig-State Trucking having a wrong tax payer id number and using a post office box as address The Conne ction having no tax payer id number and missing phone number As I reviewed the six suspicious vendors I found red flags that led me to believe that Trig-State trucking had the most suspicious characteristics.Trig- State trucking listed a post office box as its address Invoice number suggested Cardinal Wholesaler was their only client Vague description of goods or services received Balance due was an even amount with out taxes or shipping address Invalid tax payer identificationNo contact information provided on the invoice Invoice was created by an excel program Canceled checks showed no evidence of typical company expenses Personal items were paid using Trig-State Trucking bank account Checks made payable to Bill Carter and Mike Smith were signed by Bill Carter There are two types of schemes that are used to perpetrate a company Pass-through and fictitious. In a Pass-through scheme is a fictitious entity created with the sole purpose of committing fraud. With this scheme the compan y receives something in exchange for payment and the loss is the amount of the profit made by the fraudster.With a fictitious scheme the company has a fabricated name with a post office box. In this scheme the company receives nothing in return from the fictitious vendor except the bogus invoice and the fraud loss is the total payment made to the vendor. As I review the files have determined that the suspicious vendor is perpetrating fictitious vendor scheme. As I review the bank Statements and the return checks noticed that the fictitious company named Trig-State Trucking is a fictitious company. The checks show that they were used to purchase personal items as well as the fact that all the checks were sign byBill Carter the person who created the fictitious company. As I check the bank statements can also see that the vendor on this account is also Trig-State company which is using a post office box. And lastly, the checks that are made for Bill Carter and Mike Smith are signed by Bill Carter which give the indication that these are the payment they are getting for the bogus invoices they have created. To prevent a fictitious scheme from occurring Research shows 93% of all fraud schemes involves cash. The prevention of fraud in the future depends on the development of adequate controls and procedures.Here are some recommendation to prevent this type of fraud in the future. Background checks should be performed on all new vendors Verify receipts of items/services before paying vendor invoices Segregate the duties of approving vendors and vendor payments A review of canceled checks and bank statements by a third person Periodic review of the approved vendor list for any red flags Company needs to implement a stronger system of internal controls Bill Carter, an angry, terminated employee and Mike Smith, Carter's replacement joint together to perpetrate a fictitious vendor scheme against Cardinals Wholesaler.The scheme lasted five years were each perpetrator poc keted about $900,000. Cardinals Wholesaler was perpetrated when Bill Carter was fired and his friend Mike Smith became his replacement. Feeling loss and with no income Ben decided that all he needed was to create a fictitious vendor to scheme the company. Bill knew that to pull this off he needed an accomplice. This is when he brought Mike Smith who accepted the proposal due to his large debts and gambling problems. They created a shell company where the company is trick into paying vendor invoices for which it receives nothing in return.I believe it happened because Ben Carter was humiliated after being fired after 22 years of service. He felt it was unfair and as a payback he decided to setup a fraud to get back what he thought was owed to him. Bill Carter and Mike Smith plan the fraud to last enough for Bill to get back on his feet and for Mike to pay off his debts but after a while they noticed how well they were doing and how they were getting away with it. If it wasn't for Car ter's excessive drinking one night the scheme might have never been caught. I believe that what cause this to happen was how Bill was fired.

Catherine Smith Essay

Catherine Smith was miss-treated in this situation as she had been to the police numerous times and never was there once a charge laied against Kevin smith. The one time Catherine retaliated she was put on trial and was almost sentenced to 25 years jail for only one offence when Kevin had committed 17 offences which were 3 attempted murders and several sexual assaults. The police did nothing even know Catherine had gone to them and they did nothing at all, that was not fair on Catherine or her family. Catherine was wrongly accused of trying to kill her husband Kevin in self-defence after over 30 years, this is just like she had already been in jail and done nothing wrong. Lucky for once the judge ruled out her case as self-defence and Kevin is still out in the world hurting Catherine. In 1997 Catherine escaped but Kevin came looking for her. He kidnapped their son Duncan and held him at gun point and Kevin was charged for only kidnapping his son not for any of the other 17 crimes he had committed and only sent to jail for a couple of mouths. Catherine could not believe that this had happened on a couple of mouths this is very unfair to Catherine and her kids. During this time Catherine tried to go see all her children. But a week before he was issued on parole. Catherine and her kids had to go into lock down again. Vicky Smith says â€Å"he was obsessive. He had to find her, he had to have her, he had to control her, and he had to own her. (Daughter) Also in the time Catherine and Kevin were married he assaulted 2 police officers, stole their gun and fired at his children who were trying to run and hid, again nothing was done and he wasn’t charged. This is not fair that someone that horrible can get away with so much and thing that are so important. Kevin smith was finally sentenced for up to 10 years jail for 17 offences including rape, assault and attempted murder. His sentence was not rightly done because for attempted murder is jail time for less than 25 years and Kevin is only getting 10 years for what he has done. Also this happened over 30 years ago and Catherine was technically in jail for over 30 years and for all the things Kevin had done to Catherine and what he put his family through all he got was 10 years jail. The jury in her trial only took 25 minutes to reach a unanimous verdict of not guilty. Finally Kevin Smith was convicted for his crimes. However it took another three months for justice to be delivered, with smith repeatedly stymieing the legal process. â€Å"he was trying more stalling tactics†¦ never faced up to what’s happened,† As Catherine quotes â€Å"I can’t believe it, finally, I can tell people my address. Finally I can go and visit my grandchildren without fear. A few years of peace, that’s what this means†. â€Å"With time already served, Kevin will be eligible for parole in 2020†.

The Relationship Between Spanish Flu and the Experience of the First World War Essays

The Relationship Between Spanish Flu and the Experience of the First World War Essays The Relationship Between Spanish Flu and the Experience of the First World War Essay The Relationship Between Spanish Flu and the Experience of the First World War Essay The First World War raged on for four savage and bloody years, claiming lives and destroying the futures of those left behind as survivors.   As the war entered what would be seen in retrospect as its final official year, 1918, another enemy far more elusive and harder to defeat than even the most organized army would emerge on the scene in the guise of the so-called ‘Spanish Flu’.   When this pandemic is examined and discussed in comparison and contrast to the experiences of WWI, a greater understanding of human, international and military history during this pivotal time emerges.   Therefore, in this paper, these topics will be presented and interwoven with the intention, upon completion of the research, of presenting not only a story of history, but also one of humanity. An Examination of ‘Spanish Flu’ When conducting research into the ‘Spanish Flu’ pandemic of 1918-1919, one literally finds thousands of sources of information about the clinical aspects of the illness, death tolls, and the like, but information regarding the true origin of this spreading of the influenza virus is typically a bit harder to find, but worth the search, for when the facts are presented, the reality of what has been falsely attributed to a Spanish origin can be seen to actually be anything but Spanish in retrospect. ‘Spanish Flu’, as was suggested earlier, does not exist; as a matter of fact, the strain of influenza that was given this name actually can be traced back to an American army camp in the spring of 1918; from that camp, the sickness was carried to France by Expeditionary Forces that were allied with the French in the fighting of the war (Phillips, et al).   If this information is in fact accurate, the question arises as to how/why the name ‘Spanish’ was attached to this flu at all.   The truth of the matter is in fact multi-faceted. Generally, the world attitude toward Spain in regard to WWI was not favorable, due to the fact that the nation chose not to take a side in the war, and perhaps even more importantly, did not offer any troops, financial support, or equipment to anyone involved in the war effort itself (Larson); therefore, the stage was set for a great deal of resentment toward Spain for what was perceived as a lack of involvement in the war effort.   Moreover, during the time of WWI, when so many other nations were on the brink of destruction and bankruptcy, Spain was in fact enjoying a fair level of financial prosperity.   Whether this was due to a lack of involvement in the war is still a point of debate, but a logical conclusion can be drawn that the economy and populous of Spain would have been worse off had the nation been engaged in WWI. As news of the safety and prosperity of the Spanish nation began to spread throughout the war-stricken parts of Europe, a great deal of people, seeking to escape the ravages of war and take advantage of economic opportunity, immigrated to Spain (Page).   Because of this massive influx of people, the cities of Spain soon became less than desirable in terms of crowded living conditions, sanitation, and the like- a breeding ground for disease.   Upon this stage, sources indicate that many French refugees came to Spain, and many of these individuals were carriers of the influenza that has been traced back to American soldiers; therefore, the flu ravaged Spain and was exported when people, who did not have familial or economic ties to Spain, came and went with regularity.   In this sense, the biggest export from Spain at the time was in fact the flu, but it was not due to any action or inaction on the part of the Spanish people, government, or medical system.   The reality is that this flu could actually be more accurately called the ‘American Flu† if the criterion for naming it is the nation/nationality that originated the sickness in the first place. The Spanish press of the day can also be seen to have played a role in the creation of the term ‘Spanish Flu’.   Once the illness had begun to heavily affect those living in Spain, whether they were citizens, of Spanish descent or not, the national newspapers carried extensive accounts of the experiences of those afflicted, death tolls, and other associated news items (Phillips, et al).   The reality is that whatever the intention of Spanish reporters sensationalistic or not, the net effect was to give Spain an unfair burden of guilt as the â€Å"creators† of the influenza epidemic which began in 1918. The Experience of the First World War The experience of   WWI was more complex than one may imagine, even from its beginning, and once again, research reveals that much lurks beneath the surface of the traditional version of how the war started and progressed.   There was more to the onset of the war then the event of an Austrian prince being   murdered in Serbia, as is what most people consider to be the cause of World War I.   Ã‚  Furthermore, the effects of the war were not just concentrated to a post-war era lasting for a generation of Westerners.   Rather, it was the breaking point for Austria in its dealings with Serbia. The truth of the matter is that several factors played a role in the outbreak of the war.   WWI truly was the result of building aggressions among the countries of Europe which was backed by the rise of nationalism. To add to the disastrous pot, there was also imperial competition along with the fear of war prompting military alliances and arms  Ã‚  race.   All of these increased the escalating tensions that lead to the outbreak of WWI (Higham, et al). Another experience to come out of WWI was the first of what would become many â€Å"arms races†. With the hostile divisions of the nations of Europe   there came the expansion of armies and navies. Furthermore, the great powers came to copy Germany’s military   organization and efficiency, which called for universal registration for military duty, large reserves and detailed planning (Coetzee, et al). Efforts were made for universal disarmament, but the escalation of weapons continued unrestricted, much like a case of history repeating itself, when looked upon from the perspective of the arms races of today. The extreme popularity of the development of more and more weapons during the WWI era also served as a catalyst for another occurrence which even today is viewed as barbaric and unacceptable in virtually all war situations- chemical weapons and warfare.   Much like the more aptly named ‘American Flu’ used a naturally occurring situation to claim millions of lives, the scientists of the WWI era began to harness the power of chemical reactions to create weapons such as Mustard Gas, which would, without distinction between soldiers and civilians, literally poison men, women, and children en masse.   In fact, there is also evidence to suggest that these chemical weapons were not originated by crazed military geniuses, but rather were based upon the discoveries and studies conducted by some of the most brilliant minds of chemistry, found in the universities of the world (Russell).   In an ironic twist, chemicals originally formulated as pesticides, ostensibly to improve the lives of individuals, were adapted for the purposes of war and killing people by the thousands, indiscriminately (Russell). The experience of WWI also set the stage for some of the worst events that would befall human history in the decades to come.   In 1929 the American stock market came to a   crashing halt.   With the financial crisis also came a decrease of production, and naturally this lead to widespread unemployment. The era of the Great Depression was also the era of the rise of political dictatorship throughout Europe. These dictatorships involved a new form of tyranny and were most evident in the rise of Nazi Germany and particularly, Adolf Hitler. It is believed by many that Hitler would never have came to power if it had not been for the sounding defeat and humiliation of Germany as the result of WWI and its immediate aftermath (Luckhurst). Interrelationship Between The Elements Looking at the relationship between the experiences of what is commonly called ‘Spanish Flu’ and World War I, there are both concrete and abstract relationships between the two that emerge, and can be identified and discussed. First, the concrete associations between these elements virtually jump out at even the most casual researcher, and the parallels manifest themselves: both elements grew with tremendous ferocity to claim millions of lives, and leave behind nothing but misery and sadness for the survivors, most of whom spent the rest of their lives trying to understand exactly what happened, why it happened, and what can be done to prevent such a horrible tragedy from ever showing itself again.   Both elements, once they reached full speed so to speak, were unstoppable, and had to quite literally â€Å"run their course† before they subsided (Coetzee).   Moreover, both of these provided hollow victories, for both war and disease would emerge time and time again, and do so even in the 21st century.   Likewise, war and disease evolved for the worse during the time of WWI, and no one was able to find a way to complete erase either from the face of the earth. More abstract relationships between the two can also be seen; perhaps one of the most interesting common threads can be seen in the role of the media in both events.   In the case of the influenza outbreak, evidence presented earlier in this paper showed that the frenzy that was generated by the media led to the misnaming of the so-called ‘Spanish Flu’, and no amount of attempts to correct the error, after being placed in the minds of the people by the media of the day, could reach any level of effectiveness.   Also, those who carried the flu, as was also discussed earlier, were likely attracted to Spain in the first place by the media accounts of safety, freedom and economic prosperity in Spain, while the majority of the rest of the world was in the grips of a war that had the potential to destroy everyone and everything.   Therefore, it would not be too much of a leap to say that the media carried the influenza epidemic as much as the human body did. From an abstract viewpoint, the overall idea of frailty of human life is also critically important.   In an old adage, whose originator is lost to obscurity, it was once said that â€Å"man plans- God laughs†, meaning that for all that we think we control in the human condition, essentially, we in reality control very little.   Keeping this in mind, whether one is talking about a chemical weapon, human illness, or the natural tendency of man to conflict with other men in a pursuit of power and control of the physical world, there are some elements which are uncontrollable, no matter what one may attempt to manipulate.  Ã‚   As much as the human race may kid itself, and lull into a false sense of security by thinking that everything is in control and that the future can be at its brightest, the reality is that nothing is for certain.   Disease and war, as presented in this paper, are prime examples of this. Conclusion This paper has shown the concrete and abstract associations between war and disease, as well as the complexities of the human condition.   In closing, perhaps the best information that can be drawn from the research is that the human race, as has been said time and time again, must either learn from history or be condemned to repeat it.   Perhaps, finally, no wiser words have ever been said.

Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr essays

Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr essays The duel between Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr in 1804 is still remembered today as being very significant in the political life of the country. Hamilton and Burr met in Weehawken on the 11th of July, and they loaded their pistols in each others presence. They measured off the distance, and they had someone else give the word. They both fired at the same time, and Hamilton was killed. The repercussions spread out through the political world and the death of Hamilton caused political changes that otherwise may not have even happened. The purpose of this paper is to show how Hamilton's death affected politics in the country, and why the duel between Hamilton and Burr was so significant. Hamilton said, in one of his writings, that he had no problem with Burr, other than the fact that they had opposing political views. This was hardly a worthwhile and significant reason to engage in a duel where at least one of them would certainly die. Some people, however, believe that there were problems between Hamilton and Burr that went back as far as 25 years before their deadly duel. The truth will probably never be known, but whatever the reason for the duel, the effects of it lasted for a long The backgrounds of the two men, as well as their political views, personal occupations, and national ambitions were very different, and this could easily have set them up for the problems that they found with each other. It could have also led to the duel that took the life of Hamilton. Upon first examination, the two men seem very similar. They were both small men, and they dressed much the same. Their mannerisms and their voices were strong and confident, and their eyes had a very penetrating quality. There were no obvious reasons in a general sense why they would have had significant problems with each other. Their likenesses became their downfall, however. It i...

Add a MySQL Column Using the Add Column Command

Add a MySQL Column Using the Add Column Command The command add column  is used to add an additional column to any given MySQL table. To do this, you must specify the column name  and type. Note:  The  add column  command is sometimes referred to as  additional column  or  new column. How to Add a MySQL Column Adding a column to an existing table is done with this syntax: alter table add column [new column name] [type]; Heres an example: alter table icecream add column flavor varchar (20) ; What this example would end up doing is adding the column flavor to the table icecream, just as it says above. It would be in the database varchar  (20) format. Know, however, that the column clause is not required. So, you could instead use add [new column name]..., like this: alter table icecream add flavor varchar (20) ; Adding a Column After an Existing Column Something you may prefer to do is add a column after a specified existing column. So, if youd like to add the column  flavor  after one called  size, you could do something like this: alter table icecream add  column flavor varchar (20) after size; Changing a Column Name on a MySQL Table You can change a columns name with the  alter table  and  change  commands. Read more about that in the How to Change a Column Name in MySQL tutorial.

Demonstrates your understanding of communication theories by applying Essay

Demonstrates your understanding of communication theories by applying the theories we have studied - Essay Example According to Vygotsky, this zone refers to an area of exploration for which the learner is cognitively prepared but need assistance and social interaction to fully develop. Vygotsky therefore believes that a teacher or a more experienced peer has the ability to provide t he student with what is termed as scaffolding, which helps the student to develop complex skills. This paper provides an insightful analysis of Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory and its relevance in young children is thinking and talking, as well as sociocultural influence in youths’ participation in gambling behavior. According to Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, the most appropriate strategies for supporting the intellectual knowledge and skills of learners as well as enhancing intentional learning include collaborative leaning, modeling, discourse, and scaffolding. As mentioned earlier, his most prominent contribution is the concept of Zone of Proximal Development. In his own words, the Zone of Proximal Development refers to the distance between a child’s actual developmental level as dictated by independent problem solving, and the higher level of potential development as determined by problem solving under adult guidance or with support from more capable peers. In his journal article, Young Children Thinking and Talking: Using sociocultrual theory for multilayered analysis, Robbins (2012) applies the ideas and concepts of Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory in describing the thinking and communication of young children. According to Robbins(2012), Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory provides an rich information base upon which we can understand how the biological line of development and cultural line contribute towards the overall development of children’s thinking. He believes that the lower order mental processes with which children are born with are transformed into higher mental process through interaction with others as well as the mediation of various

Elizabeth Bowens The Demon Lover Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Elizabeth Bowens The Demon Lover - Essay Example The story ‘Demon Lover’ was entitled as â€Å"a complete successful explanation of what war did to the mind and spirit of the English people† by The New Yorker. Apart from this the story also brings forward some of the essential writing characteristics of Bowen. To assess the story ‘The Demon Lover’ as a psychological drama or a mere story with supernatural element, it is first essential to understand the background against which the story is written. Bowen wrote the story during the time of World War II after experiencing the Ariel bombardment in London inflicted by the Germans during the year 1940-41. After experiencing the events of World War I, it was quite scary and traumatic for the people of London to encounter another war in the face of World War II. At this juncture of social history, Bowen tried to captivate within the limited compass of her story, the neurotic breakdown and horror any war can bring through the story, ‘The Demon Lover’, raising its thematic parameters far from being a mere story with supernatural elements. The story ‘The Demon Lover’ does not revolve round the simple context of supernaturalism. The story deals with a sentiment obvious and evident in human psyche and life during the post-war situation highlighting the trauma and fear that prevailed in the London as an aftermath of post-Blitz disaster.The protagonist of the story Mrs Drover is shown hallucinated by the effect of the war and confuses World War II with World War I and the story opens with her return to the evacuated city and home where she goes to collect some of her belongings and consequently illusioned by the aftermath of the recent bombing thinks of her long-dead fiancà ©. ... uses World War II with World War I and the story opens with her return to the evacuated city and home where she goes to collect some of her belongings and consequently illusioned by the aftermath of the recent bombing thinks of her long-dead fiance. The identity of this character and events following the opening scene builds an atmosphere of ambiguity where it is not transparent whether the events in the evacuated house taking place with Mrs Drover is supernatural or consequential of neurotic trauma and psychological disorder. The eerie atmosphere, the supernatural consequences and the ambiguous and unveiled ‘troth’ adds perfectly to the unnatural element of the story. But there are many other features under consideration which proves the operation of the psychological elements throughout the story. The oscillation of Mrs Drover into the present and the past, the â€Å"panic and fear† of Mrs Drover after travelling back from the flashback where a young girl is sho wn departing from a soldier who probably is missing since the war are all indication of strong psychological elements operating within the plot of the story. In other words, Bowen takes the platform of the supernatural hallucination to culminate the psychological elements of drama within the story. The first expression after receiving a letter from someone very close and expected is beautifully described but at the very moment the attitude with which Mrs Drover rushes for a cab and the way she gets into it indicates some kind of disturbance evident in the surrounding atmosphere. The prevailing aura of foreboding, a sense of unknown chase by the demon lover, the hint of a threat, the inky darkness and calm scene with odd lights might seem apparently ordinary and very commonplace to any story with

Aviation Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Aviation Law - Case Study Example (a) that the flight can safely be made, taking into account the latest information available as to the route and aerodrome to be used, the weather reports and forecasts available and any alternative course of action which can be adopted in case the flight cannot be completed as planned; (c) that the aircraft is in every way fit for the intended flight, and that where a certificate of maintenance review is required by article 14(1) to be in force, it is in force and will not cease to be in force during the intended flight; (e) in the case of a flying machine or airship, that sufficient fuel, oil and engine coolant (if required) are carried for the intended flight, and that a safe margin has been allowed for contingencies, and, in the case of a flight for the purpose of public transport, that the instructions in the operations manual relating to fuel, oil and engine coolant have been complied with; x x x " [Emphasis supplied] 'Commander' in relation to an aircraft means the member of the flight crew designated as commander of that aircraft by the operator, or, failing such a person, the person who is for the time being the pilot in command of the aircraft; [Emphasis supplied] In the situation given, it is clear tha... ion to an aircraft means the member of the flight crew designated as commander of that aircraft by the operator, or, failing such a person, the person who is for the time being the pilot in command of the aircraft; [Emphasis supplied] In the situation given, it is clear that Carl was the commander of the aircraft for purposes of Article 52 of the ANO because Carl was the pilot in command of the aircraft. As a commander, it is therefore Carl's responsibility to conduct all pre-flight action as required of him under Article 52 of the ANO. Specifically, Carl's responsibility is to ensure before the flight that the aircraft has sufficient fuel for the intended flight. Based on the situation given, the aircraft's engine stopped due to fuel starvation, there being insufficient fuel for the intended flight. Moreover, considering Carl's failure to check the sufficiency of the fuel, he likewise failed to - (1) ensure "that the flight can safely be made," (2) take "into account the latest information available as to the route and aerodrome to be used, the weather reports and forecasts available," (3) ensure that "the equipment required" in the circumstances of the intended flight is carried and "is in a fit condition for use"; (4) see to it "that the aircraft is in every way fit for the intended flight," and (5) carry sufficient fuel for the intended flight, all in violation of Carl's duty as commander pursuant to Article 52 of the ANO. Furthermore, and as previously stated, Article 52 of the ANO requires a commander like Carl in the given situation to ensure that the flight may commence under and in accordance with the terms of a permission granted to the operator under Article 21 of the ANO, which provides as follows: "Minimum equipment requirements 21 (1) x x x. (2) An

Event Study for Efficient Market Hypothesis- Ex dividend Data Dissertation

Event Study for Efficient Market Hypothesis- Ex dividend Data - Dissertation Example Anomalies in the expression of the standard, tax centric theory of stock performances have been noted and described. While a tax centric hypothesis has explanatory power, this study examines evidence that there are additional forces of corporate governance, ownership concentration, and market capitalization that can adjust the performance of dividends independent of taxation. This study is a meta-analysis describing the Western standard for market forces pertaining to dividend taxation, on the assumption that stock prices must be adjusted to less than the amount of the dividend in order to compensate for taxation. Yet comparison with Asian markets introduces exceptions to that premise. Ultimately, more data is needed in order to falsify the tax centric hypothesis, however this principle is a subject to modification and interference by other market forces that influence the behaviors of investors and the performance of stocks. EVENT STUDY FOR EFFICIENT MARKET HYPOTHESIS – EX DI VIDEND DATA Table of Contents Abstract †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. p. 2 Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. p. 4 Methodology †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. p. 7 Chapter 1: Literature Review †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. p. 8 Chapter 2: Korean Markets †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. p. ... 31 Introduction Since the advent of tradable stocks on the national and international markets there has been a great deal of calculation and speculation in regards to the relationship between stock returns and dividend yields, both in the informal imagination of financial advisors, as well as in the formalized literature therein. Decades ago, popularize models of tax effects created the presumption that higher risk investments were necessary to compensate for returns that incurred greater taxes. Returns on investments should be risk adjusted with respect to stocks. This would compensate the investor for higher rates of taxation through higher dividend yields. This is necessary due to higher levels of taxation of dividend income as compared with capital gains income. (Brennan, 1970 p.417-427) To be specific, dividend income refers to profits yielded by a publicly traded corporation. In which case of course, the profits can be turned back into the business, to invest in facility enhanc ements, or possibly salaries – in which case they qualify as retained earnings. Or they can be distributed to shareholders who provided initial investments that contributed to the company's initial success. All in respect to the initial contribution based upon the value and number of shares purchased by a particular investor. (Sullivan and Sheffrin, 2003) these may take a variety of forms, such as currency cash dividends, Stock/scrip dividends that constitute additional shares of the Corporation, or property dividends, which can take a variety of forms including shares of another corporation or other assets or services. (Sullivan and Sheffrin, 2003) In many cases, taxation rates are higher for dividend income compared with capital gains. To be specific, we are referring to capital

How much of Yogasara's teachings close to original Buddhist doctrine Essay

How much of Yogasara's teachings close to original Buddhist doctrine - Essay Example For instance, the central focus of many religions is God or gods leading to scholarly question of whether Buddhism is a religion or not. Harris calls Buddhism, "the richest source of contemplative knowledge that any civilization has developed. Currently, there exist three main branches of Buddhism tradition; The Theravada -Doctrine of the Elders, the Mahayana -Great Vehicle and the Vajrayana -Diamond Vehicle simply known as Tibetan Buddhism, (Olson 56). Furthermore, many scholars agree that the origin of Buddhism is Northern India in the 5th century B.C.E .By meditation and analysis, Budha resulted to enlightened state of personality that marked the end of suffering and thus, upon his death, release from the cycle of rebirth (samsara). His teachings are mostly summarized in the Four Noble Truths, hence providing a basic guide for how to live in the world. Buddhas immediate teachings following his awakening focused on the key Noble Truths, which forms the basis of Buddhism. The truths are the truth of suffering (dukkha), the cause of suffering (samudaya), truth of the end of suffering (nirhodha) and the truth of path that frees indivindual from suffering (magga). The Truth of Suffering -This discourage many people new to Buddhism beginners to Buddhism .However they are encouraged by Pali word  dukkha that means anything that is temporary, conditional and compounded of other things either precious or enjoyable will end. They thus relate the nature of life to that of self, That we are also temporary, conditional and made of many parts .According to Buddhism , understanding life and death is only possible after understanding the self. Thirst (tanha) is seen as the main suffering cause; therefore, people continually look for something external to make them happy. But no matter how successful we are, we never get full satisfaction. Furthermore, Buddha observed that this thirst

Nonprofit Evaluation Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nonprofit Evaluation Questions - Assignment Example Triangulation however eliminates effect of chance observations while evaluation of rival opinions develops credibility of a researcher’s findings (Montello and Sutton, 2006; Woodside, 2008). Some of the areas of evaluation that requires honesty and integrity are identification of the nature of relationship between variables, determination of the best model of fit and identification of possible variations from the best model. Both honesty and integrity influences an evaluator’s decision on whether to communicate exact observations or exercise bias in the areas of evaluation. Exercising honesty and integrity however ensures communication of the exact relationship between the variables, accurate determination, and implementation of the model of best fit as well as accurate communication of identified noise and noise factors. These initiatives facilitate validity and reliability of research results and conclusions (Montello and Sutton, 2006). An example of an abstract concept of evaluation, in my organization’s environment, is low staff morale with respect to staffs’ faculty. Staff morale refers to the level of confidence or motivation among employees and can be evaluated using qualitative research methods (Montello and Sutton, 2006). The best sampling approach when a researcher has access to the entire population is stratified random sampling. The approach considers differences in characteristics among groups of the population to reflect strata features in results and conclusions besides reducing unit costs in data collection. â€Å"Non probability convenience sampling† however, is the most appropriate in cases where the subjects are hard to find as the technique is guided by the research questions (Biber, 2010, p. 50). The best approach to collecting sensitive data is through developing the participant’s trust. This is because winning the participants’ confidence that the

How much of Yogasara's teachings close to original Buddhist doctrine Essay

How much of Yogasara's teachings close to original Buddhist doctrine - Essay Example For instance, the central focus of many religions is God or gods leading to scholarly question of whether Buddhism is a religion or not. Harris calls Buddhism, "the richest source of contemplative knowledge that any civilization has developed. Currently, there exist three main branches of Buddhism tradition; The Theravada -Doctrine of the Elders, the Mahayana -Great Vehicle and the Vajrayana -Diamond Vehicle simply known as Tibetan Buddhism, (Olson 56). Furthermore, many scholars agree that the origin of Buddhism is Northern India in the 5th century B.C.E .By meditation and analysis, Budha resulted to enlightened state of personality that marked the end of suffering and thus, upon his death, release from the cycle of rebirth (samsara). His teachings are mostly summarized in the Four Noble Truths, hence providing a basic guide for how to live in the world. Buddhas immediate teachings following his awakening focused on the key Noble Truths, which forms the basis of Buddhism. The truths are the truth of suffering (dukkha), the cause of suffering (samudaya), truth of the end of suffering (nirhodha) and the truth of path that frees indivindual from suffering (magga). The Truth of Suffering -This discourage many people new to Buddhism beginners to Buddhism .However they are encouraged by Pali word  dukkha that means anything that is temporary, conditional and compounded of other things either precious or enjoyable will end. They thus relate the nature of life to that of self, That we are also temporary, conditional and made of many parts .According to Buddhism , understanding life and death is only possible after understanding the self. Thirst (tanha) is seen as the main suffering cause; therefore, people continually look for something external to make them happy. But no matter how successful we are, we never get full satisfaction. Furthermore, Buddha observed that this thirst

The Physiological Effects of a Concussion on the Brain Research Paper

The Physiological Effects of a Concussion on the Brain - Research Paper Example On the basis of severity traumatic brain injury can be divided into mild, moderate and severe. Concussion or mild traumatic brain injuries are used to describe any injury in which the symptoms may or may not last. Neurologically a concussion is defined as an injury in which there is loss of consciousness for less than 30 minutes and post traumatic amnesia which lasts less than 24 hours. Concussions usually have good prognostic value as usually patient leads to full recovery. A concussion can cause pathophysiological changes to the brain in which there are metabolic and ionic processes due to the twisting of axons (Silver et al 3-6). A concussion occurs due to mild trauma to the brain. The cascades of physiological events that occur are an injury which is followed by abrupt neuronal depolarization. The depolarization excites the neurotransmitters and causes their releases which in turn lead to ionic misbalance and disruption in glucose metabolism. Coupling of neurotransmitters that are excitatory like the coupling of glutamate and the receptor of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor results in additional depolarizing of the neuron with the ejection of potassium ions and inflow of calcium ions. This alteration in the balance of ions results in fluctuations in the physiology of the brain cells which may be acute or subacute. To counter the potassium-calcium misbalance, the pump of sodium and potassium starts to works with an increase need in ATP’s. This causes an increase in the glucose metabolism and ends in an energy crisis. Axonal twisting and stretching has proved to be the core pathology in the occurre nce of a concussion. The metabolic events that occur post traumatically are uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism which results in energy emergency. Injection of calcium ions leads to impaired oxidative metabolism. Another physiological change affecting the motor functions of the brain is decreased

Effective Reading Essay Example for Free

Effective Reading Essay Reading will always be a part of any educational instructions. From grade school to PhD levels, reading is an essential task that endures every student to be able to comprehend what needs to be discussed in class, prepare for an exam or simply gain new knowledge aside from oral and visual communications. The journal article in reference comes from the Griffith University titled â€Å"Reading Effectively† Basically, the article discusses the major contributory factors for effective reading. It discusses three factors in reading considerations; the type, structure and the purpose. The Type refers to the type of material to read. There are different mediums like journals, textbooks, novels or research papers. Purpose concerns the goal of the reader in reading a document. It can be for enjoyment, in preparation for an examination, assignment or personal knowledge gaining. The Structure explains the format of the material like a narrative, descriptive and expository among others. The article also considers the importance of the mentioned elements before one wish to continue reading a material; so that he can decide whether to execute reading in Scan, Skim, Key (looking for key ideas) or in Full mode (Griffith). The article also mentions the principle behind â€Å"SQ3R† strategy of reading. Survey which primarily intends to look for format clues, Questions to ask about the material, Read, Recall and Review. On a personal note, it is really a good way to establish effective reading by following the SQ3R. It has always been my procedure to first analyze the contents of the book, criticize the purpose of reading by asking a question first and then continue reading, recalling key ideas and reviewing the entirety of a reading material’s contents. References Griffith, (ND). Reading Effectively. Griffith Information Sheet, Retrieved 2009, from http://www. griffith. edu. au/ins/training/resources/reading/content_reading_effectively. html

Against Censorship :: essays research papers

Censorship Today I would like to talk about censorship. Censorship is the removal of information from the public. Today censorship is a phase of social control. It is becoming more and more common all over the world today. It reaches as far as political power and public opinion. Often censorship is undertaken by governments. Censorship is closely tied in as a concept with freedom of speech and other forms of human expression. The censorship of opinion for the most part was restricted to the control of speech rather than of printing. The censorship of free speech attempted to control the audience. The purpose of this speech is to give information regarding censorship knowledge. Censorship occurs when expressive materials, like books, magazines, films and videos, or works of art, are removed or kept from the public. Censorship also occurs when materials are restricted to particular audiences, based on their age or other characteristics. A few types of censorship are political, religious, and the the censorship of music, but there are many more. Political censorship occurs when the government conceals secrets from their citizens, while religious censorship is when any material of a certain faith is removed. This often involves a dominant religion forcing limitations on less dominant ones. Many musicians protested against censorship in music and pushed for more freedom of expression. Considerable amounts of music has been banned since the 1950's all the way to the present. One example is that many states in the U.S. decided to make it illegal for selling N.W.A.'s â€Å"Straight Outta Compton† album and the fines for catching anyone would go from $10,00 to $100,00 depending on how many minors were involved. When a society has freedom, citizens can collect and distribute any information they want without any restraints. Another example is that in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, it clearly states that â€Å"Everyone has the following fundamental freedoms: the freedom of thought, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communication." which means that this material in any form cannot be altered by the government in any way. Also, citizens have the right to access information in all forms of media to be able to watch, read or listen to whatever they want. The concept of freedom involves protecting the

The Old Man And The Sea :: essays research papers

This book takes place in the past and is about an old man that loves fishing in the Gulf Stream. The old man was a thin with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck and had scars on his hands from handling the fishing rope. He taught this young boy how to fish and the boy loved him. He even brought him fishing many times. But the past 84 days the old man had not caught one fish. After 40 days of not catching anything the boy left and fished on another boat. The boy still loved him and brought him food and fresh bait to fish. The old man and the boy always talked about baseball because they both enjoyed it. One day, the old man was out on the water fishing. The weather was beautiful, the currents were perfect, and he saw all birds flying over the water. He knew he had to catch a nice fish today. He saw one of his poles have a jerk so he pulled it in and it was a bonita fish, which he was goin to use for a nice piece of bait later in the day. The day progressed and he saw a real big jerk on the pole. He jumped up and held it, but the fish was not hooked yet. A couple more jerks he felt, but the fish was not taking it. Finally the fish did and he could feel that it had to be a fish of enormous size. He could not pull it up because it was so strong. He had to hold onto it until the fish was tired and decided to come up. Then when it would come up, he would take his harpoon and stab it in the heart so it would die. This fish was taking all the strength out of him and it was pulling his skiff farther and farther out. Now he wished that the boy was here with him to help him pull it up. It was 3 days later until he finally got the fish to jump out of the water. When it did he saw that it was the biggest marlin he ever saw. To regain strength and pull the fish in, he had to eat the bonita that he caught. He ate all of it and it helped his hand that was cut from the

Examining a Business Failure – Tyco

Examining a Business Failure – Tyco Examining a Business Failure – Tyco Introduction This paper will describe how specific organizational behavior theories could have predicted the failure Tyco International (Tyco). This paper will discuss the contributions of leadership, management, and organizational structures to the organizational failure of Tyco. Organizational Behavior Organizational behavior is a field of study, meaning that it is a distinct area of expertise with a common body of knowledge.Organizational behavior studies three determinants of behavior in organizations: individuals, groups, and structure. In addition, organizational behavior applies the knowledge gained about individuals, groups, and the effect of structure on behavior in order to make organizations work more effectively. Organizational behavior is concerned with the study of what people do in an organization and how their behavior affects the organization’s performance (Robbins & Judge, 2 007).In the case of Tyco, the organizational behavior of the company in 2002 was unethical in nature. Tyco's former CEO Dennis Koslowski, former CFO Mark Swartz, and former General Counsel Mark Belnick were accused of giving themselves interest-free or very low interest loans (sometimes disguised as bonuses) that were never approved by the Tyco board or repaid. Some of these â€Å"loans† were part of a â€Å"Key Employee Loan† program the company offered. They were accused of selling their company stock without telling investors, which is a requirement under SEC rules.Koslowski, Swartz, and Belnick stole $600 million dollars from Tyco through their unapproved bonuses, loans, and extravagant â€Å"company† spending. Rumors of a $6,000 shower curtain, $2,000 trash can, and a $2 million dollar birthday party for Koslowski's wife in Italy are just a few examples of the misuse of company funds. As many as 40 Tyco executives took loans that were later â€Å"forgivenà ¢â‚¬  as part of Tyco's loan-forgiveness program, although it was said that many did not know they were doing anything wrong.Hush money was also paid to those the company feared would â€Å"rat out† Kozlowski. Essentially, they concealed their illegal actions by keeping them out of the accounting books and away from the eyes of shareholders and board members (http://money. howstuffworks. com/cooking-books9. htm). In an organizational world characterized by cutbacks, expectations of increasing worker productivity, and tough competition in the marketplace, it is not surprising that many employees feel pressured to cut corners, break rules, and engage in other forms of questionable practices.What constitutes good ethical behavior has never been clearly defined. Employees see people all around them engaging in unethical practices. (Robbins ; Judge, 2007). Leadership Failure The senior managers at Tyco failed as leaders. They forgot that leadership was about serving others and no t themselves. But it was also a failure of those who followed the leaders such as the corporate lawyers who failed in their duty to keep the leaders in check. Tyco lawyers wanted to please their bosses; instead they should have stepped in when corporate corruption was evident. Most of the people who became infamous for their misdeeds ; helip; were not evil people,† said William Lytton (general counsel for Tyco in 2002). As Lytton sees it, they lost sight of the cultural boundaries, blinded by their own career advancement goals. That is where the role of the corporate lawyer becomes critical. While it might prove difficult to stop bad things from happening, â€Å"Sometimes, you do need to just say no† (http://www. vermontlaw. edu/x7845. xml). Management FailureTyco’s top executives ignored their responsibilities to the laws governing corporate management; ignored responsibilities to their investors and ignored responsibilities to their employees. The planning and management strategies of these executives seem to have been more focused on personal gain than on the best interests of the company and its shareholders. As a result of their greed and fraudulent activities, the top executives at Tyco were indicted and convicted of fraud charges for improper accounting practices as well as unauthorized use of company funds for personal gain.One viewpoint on leadership is that it occurs only when people are influenced to do what is ethical and beneficial for the organization and themselves. This definition of leadership does not include influence attempts that are irrelevant or detrimental to followers, such as a leader’s attempts to gain personal benefits at the followers’ expense (Yukl, 2006). In the case of Tyco, when Ed Breen took over as CEO, he fired 290 of the 300 managers who were employed at Tyco during the Kozlowski era along with the other senior managers.He wanted to bring in new management and employees who would help build Tyco’s reputation up and create an ethical firm that consumers and shareholders could trust again. Organizational Failure While the organization was not solely to blame for Tyco’s failure, Tyco could have taken preventive measures which would have avoided this situation entirely, such as: o created codes of ethics to guide employees through ethical dilemmas o implemented policies for enforcing those codes create a corporate governance department and hire experienced professionals to ensure compliance with federal and state regulations are adhered to o offer seminars, workshops, and similar training programs to try to improve ethical behaviors Today’s manager needs to create an ethically healthy climate for his or her employees, where they can do their work productively and confront a minimal degree of ambiguity regarding what constitutes right and wrong behaviors.In upcoming chapters, we’ll discuss the kinds of actions managers can take to create an ethi cally healthy climate and help employees sort through ethically ambiguous situations. We’ll also present ethical-dilemma exercises at the end of each chapter that will allow you to think through ethical issues and assess how you would handle those (Robbins ; Judge, 2007). Summary In 2002, Tyco was controlled by unethical businessmen more interested in personal gain than creating a successful company that shareholders, employees and consumers could trust, respect and benefit from.They failed as leaders and managers; and as a result, made the organization as a whole suffer. They acquired businesses quickly, falsified accounting records, took out personal loans, withheld information from the public as well as shareholders, and caused the market share of the company to drop dramatically. All of this unethical business activity could have been avoided had an official corporate governance department been in place and a company code of ethics policy implemented.References Robbins, S . P. ; Judge, T. A. (2007). Organizational Behavior, Twelfth Edition: Prentice Hall. Obringer, L. (1998-2009). How Cooking the Books Works. http://money. howstuffworks. com/ cooking-books9. htm: HowStuffWorks, Inc. Staff Report (2008). Lessons of Tyco: Just Say No. http://www. vermontlaw. edu/x7845. xml: Vermont Law School. Yukl, G. (2006) Leadership in Organizations, Sixth Edition: Pearson Prentice Hall. ming

The beginning of the seventeenth century

The beginning of the seventeenth century was the time when the arguments between naturalism and classicism were to preoccupy much of the Baroque age. Perhaps the most successful integration of these ideas came in the work of the sculptor-architect Gianlorenzo Bernini. No other artist during the Baroque era so completely dominated his discipline as did this virtuoso, whose sculpted figure works came to personify the very spirit of the Counter-Reformation. Born in Naples, from an early age he possessed tremendous technical skill in modeling.His David (Fig. 1), of 1623-24, sculpted between ages of twenty-five and twenty-six, evokes comparison with the Davids of Donatello and Michelangelo. Each work encapsulates the ideal and aspirations of its days. The sinuous body and graceful gesture of Donatello’s bronze speak of the break with the stiffness and grim determinism of the medieval age. Michelangelo’s David is quintessentially heroic, his gigantic body and sensuous muscula ture the very idiom of human self-confidence in the High Renaissance.By comparison, Bernini’s sculpture, neither complacent nor particularly grand, takes on combativeness and an offensive posture; here the body appears to attack and defeat. Christopher Baker argues that Bernini revolutionized sculpture by â€Å"Contorting facial expressions and bodies, endowing skin and drapery with tactile sensuousness, making hair and features seem to move, and differentiating textures for colorist effects† (21) Indeed, the agitation of the area around the figure was in fact very new to sculpture, and its provocative engagement of the space amplified the viewer’s relationship to the art.This was the very essence of the Baroque. Bernini’s technical skill is also worthy of consideration, for here we can see the influence of Caravaggio (Loh). Bernini’s captivating use of light and shade through the technique of undercutting gave his cold marble figure an emotional v itality on a par with the very best chiaroscuro in painting. And to appreciate fully such an advance in sculpture, it is necessary to consider in greater depth stone carving as it was practiced in the seventeenth century.Michelangelo likened carving to liberating a figure from its stone captivity. If this was indeed a feeling shared by sculptors of the day, then perhaps, as Varriano suggests, Bernini’s figures â€Å"leapt from their prisons† (73). The emotional gestures and agitated surfaces give one the impression that the figures are indeed flesh and blood. The drama of the scene is caught entirely by the convincing portrayal of movement, produced by a series of deep cuts into the marble surface that catch and reflect light.These deep spaces of shadow are produced by a technique called â€Å"undercutting† – a method of manipulating the descriptive character of light on stone. Undercutting is a technique of creating deep cuts in stone which produce shado w; (Rothschild, 72) the result suggests movement and dynamism, as the surface is transformed by light and shade capable of expressing the most dramatic of gestures. In Bernini’s remarkable The Ecstasy of St. Teresa (Fig. 2) we are witness to the dramatic potential of such a development.Noteworthy is the way the draperies of the enraptured saint take on the lightness of cloth and the way scene itself is wrapped within a turmoil of lines created through the intensive use of shadow. Bernini was also well aware of coloristic possibilities afforded by marble and used striking variation of the pink, white, green, and black varieties to produce spectacular results. One such example is his execution of the Tomb of Alexander VII (Fig.3) of 1671-8, where traditional white marble figures are juxtaposed against colored marble drapery, striking black pedestals and the every present symbol of death – the skeleton. This is the Baroque sensibility in all its glory. Considering Bernini ’s rather formidable skill in engaging space and working materials, it was perhaps inevitable that he would embrace architecture as well. The most notable of his achievements was his design for the piazza of St. Peter’s in Rome. Relying on many of the techniques and innovations of Renaissance architects, Bernini nevertheless allowed his engaging sense of novelty to guide him.As a result, the unorthodox combination of Doric and Ionic orders and the dramatic sweep of the colonnade, which psychologically heightens the pilgrim’s anticipation of the Church (Marder, 112), appear very much in keeping with his quintessentially Baroque sensibility. Here, space is arranged for what can be described only as kinesthetic ends; Bernini’s deliberate manipulation of the viewer’s sense of rhythm and motion as they progress towards the steps of St. Peter’s is thus a logical extension of his sculptural strategy – space as a psychological tool.It is this notable departure in the construction of space from the relative stasis of Renaissance that perhaps epitomizes the rise of specifically Baroque architecture. Figure 1 Gianlorenzo Bernini David 1623-24 White marble 170 cm Galleria Borghese, Rome Figure 2 Gianlorenzo Bernini Ecstasy of St. Teresa, 1642-52 Marble Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome Figure 3 Gianlorenzo Bernini Tomb of Pope Alexander (Chigi) VII 1671-78 Marble and gilded bronze, over life-size Basilica di San Pietro, Vatican Bibliography: Baker, Christopher.Absolutism and the Scientific Revolution, 1600-1720: A Biographical Dictionary. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2002 Loh, Maria H. â€Å"New and Improved: Repetition as Originality in Italian Baroque Practice and Theory. † The Art Bulletin. 86. 3. (2004): 477+ Marder, T. A. Bernini and the Art of Architecture. New York, London and Paris: Abbeville Press, 1998. Rothschild, Lincoln. Sculpture through the Ages. New York: Whittlesey House, 1942 Varriano, John. Italia n Baroque and Rococo Architecture. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986

Practicum report sample for hotel and restaurant management Essay

COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT HRM 117- OJT in Hotel BSHM STUDENTS PRACTICUM EVALUATION FORM Aaron C. Magallon Student Front Office – Bell Service Department and Position DUSIT THANI MANILA Cooperating Hotel PERIOD COVERED: _________________________________ DIRECTION:The statement below represents the expected skills and other personal qualities of HM practicum students. Please rate the trainee accordingly by checking the appropriate box with the corresponding points relative to the acquired knowledge and skills. The five points Liker Scale below will guide in your rating. POINTS VERBAL INTERPRETATION EVALUATION SCALE GRADE 5 Excellent4.20-5.00 1.00 4Very Good (VG)3.40-4.19 1.25 3 Good (G)2.60-3.39 1.50 2 Fair (F)1.80-2.59 1.75 1 Poor (P)1.00-1.79 2.00 AREA 1: VOCATIONAL / TRADE SKILLS (25%) 5 4 3 2 1 1.1 Quality of work ability to meet Quality of Standards 1.2 Application of acquired knowledge and skills 1.3 Ability to use tools and equipment properly 1.4 Ability of work safety, effectively, and efficiency Weighted Mean AREA 2: WORK QUALITIES AND HABITS 5 4 3 2 1 2.1 Industry Personal application to assigned work 2.2 Reliability 2.3 Initiative 2.4 Punctuality 2.5 Ability to follow direction Weighted Mean AREA 3: PERSONAL AND SOCIAL QUALITIES 5 4 3 2 1 3.1 Cooperative-ability to work together with other people 3.2 Self-Control ability to control emotions 3.3 Poise-demonstrate level of self-confidence appropriate for the job 3.4 Reaction to advice and constructive criticism 3.5 Willingness to follow direction 3.6 Adaptability-capacity to adjust to new problem and changing situation Weighted Mean AREA 4: COMMUNICATION SKILLS 5 4 3 2 1 4.1 Ability in oral communication 4.2 Ability in written communication 4.3 Knowledge of vocabulary related to the job Weighted Mean AREA 5: PERSONAL RELATIONSHIP 5 4 3 2 1 5.1 Ability to work harmoniously with co-workers 5.2 Ability to work harmoniously with immediate supervisors Weighted Mean COMMENTS: ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Grand Mean: ________Equivalent Grade: ________ EVALUATOR Signature over Printed Name Noted by: MS. DULCE B. AURELIO Practicum Coordinator

Should liability for payment of damages caused by nuclear accidents Essay

Should liability for payment of damages caused by nuclear accidents lie primarily on the nuclear operator, a compensation Fund o - Essay Example The Paris and Vienna Conventions places absolute liability on nuclear operators and the subsequent Compensation Convention places responsibility on nuclear states to provide supplementary funds for victims who have claims against nuclear operators under the Paris or Vienna Conventions or similarly structured national laws. Given the limited means of insurance for nuclear operators, and states’ general obligations under customary international law to contain environmental damages, together with obligations under the Compensation Convention, states bear primary responsibility for compensating victims of nuclear damages. This research study investigates whether or not the law as established under the international regime is as it should be. Should the nuclear state, the state’s compensation fund or nuclear operators be primarily responsible for compensating victims of nuclear incidents? Or should the status quo remain in which states via international obligations and the a uspices of compensation funds be primarily responsible for compensating victims of nuclear incidents or accidents? This research paper argues that both the nuclear operator and the state should equally share responsibility for compensating victims of nuclear incidents or accidents. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 4 Background and Overview: Nuclear Accidents and Liability Under International Law 6 The Nuclear Operator 9 The Nuclear State 14 Compensation Funds 16 Analysis 18 Conclusion 21 Bibliography 22 Introduction The international legal framework for establishing and recovering damages resulting from nuclear accidents is governed by three international instruments. The instruments are: the Convention on Third Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy 1968 [hereinafter the Paris Convention], the Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage, 1977 [Hereinafter the Vienna Convention] and the Joint Protocol Relating to the Application of the Vienna Convention and the Paris Convention, 1988 [Hereinafter the Joint Protocol]. The Vienna Convention is vastly similar to the Paris Convention and this is reflected in the Joint Protocol. Essentially, the international legal framework forms the basis of member state’s national laws with respect to liability relative to nuclear accidents.1 Essentially, the international instruments on liability for nuclear accidents assigns liability to the operator of nuclear facilities, with specific exceptions. This is problematic for uniformity in assigning liability since the international instruments are only binding on member states. As will be demonstrated in this research, even where non-contracting states adopt national laws and policies that are consistent with the Paris and Vienna Conventions, the Conventions only set minimum standards for assessing and measuring liability. As a result, there is no universal law assuring victims of the same level of compensation. While a large number of states a re parties to the international instruments, Ireland, Austria and Switzerland, which form a part of the EU are not parties to these instruments. Austria, perceives that the international Conventions and the subsequent Joint Protocol function to limit liability for victims of nuclear accidents and to preserve the nuclear power plants. As a result, Austria’

Network Implementation Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Network Implementation - Coursework Example I propose the use of the security configuration wizard. This wizard will help in the disabling of unnecessary services. It also will provide advanced security support. This will be the windows firewall (Windows Server, n.d.). It is also advantageous because it can deploy group security policies. The printers in the office will be shared among the different workstations. Reason for this proposal is that with a shared printer, different printing rights and regulations can be set for the different workstations. The printing patterns of the different workstations can also be monitored. I plan to implement RAID. This is a technique of data storage. The data is saved at different locations. Usually, this is on several hard disks. The input, as well as output operations, work together in a balanced way. One advantage of using RAID is that it increases the fault tolerance of a network. This is the increase in the meantime that is between failures (MTBF). In this case, I propose the use of RAID 1. Reason for this is because it provides the best tolerance to a fault. It also is the best for environments with many users. To allow for quick migration in the business, I also propose to use Hyper-V. This will allow for business continuity (Microsoft Corporation, 2009). The technology is used as it will help improve the efficiency of the computing resources. With this technology, the server is more efficient. It is able to run several operating systems at the same time. I suggest the use of Hyper-V as there are different applications and software and that is best run from different operating systems. Thereby, it would be best if there were several of these in place ready to run simultaneously. To handle document handling and sharing, I propose the use of NAS (network attached storage). This computer will function to allow  for the sharing, storage as well as backing up of documents from any machine in the network. The technology will also allow for the syncing of data as it is updated across all the storage devices.